ࡱ> @ ^_bjbj ?uu^W$,|;>PPPPPPPP7777?T74:4=$'?RyAt=2PP22=PP=6662JPP7627666PD ^E֣A567 >0;>6A6A6A6 P^%6:*-PPP==XD6 XMICROWAVE NEWS Vol. XXII No. 2 A Report on Non-ionizing Radiation March/April 2002 INSIDE.. EMF NEWS PP.2-4 Health Concerns Stall Power Line Who Advises the Minnesota Health Adviser? Power Line Talk.. 25OmG at Day Care Center. Australian Town, Utility Agree on 4 mG for Substation Swedes Find No Suicide Link to EMF work EPRI Workshop on MMF and Miscarriages No Low-Level Female Breast cancer Risk HIGHLIGHTS pp. 4-12 Is It Too Soon for Cell Phone Epidemiology? Eye on Europe: German DMBA Study Finally Out - Danes See No Eye Cancer Risk for Mobile Phones French Government 1ssues Advice Vatican Electrosmog Case Dismissed Carlo Launches Complaints Registry WHO Chief Favours Precautionary Approach U.S. Crackdown on Bogus Phone shields 7he Daubert Standard Defined Hardell's Brain Tumor Papers Summarized Experts On Parade: NO Secrets, Big Bucks Five More Mobile Phone-Brain Tumor Suits Kurt Oughstun Explains Brillouin Precursors PAVE PA WS. Does USAF Have Secret Studies? FROM THE FIELD pp 13-15 Meeting Notes: Italy, Russia, Japan - and more Hot New Papers. EMF9 Decrease DNA Repair Across the Spectrum Flashback. 5, 10, 20 Years Ago UPDATES pp. 16-18 High EMFs In Volvos - German Radar Vets Sue. A Mobile Phone Allergy. FCC Okays UWB a FCC-FDA Joint Cell Phone Web Site Keeping Current. Follow-Up on the News VIEWS ON THE NEWS P. 19 Why Are USA F Health Data Being Kept Secret? The Value of Precautionary Limits Cell Phone-Brain Tumor Lawsuit Hangs on a Single Swedish Study Five-Day Hearing on scientific Evidence A federal judge will soon decide the future of mobile phone-cancer litigation. Judge Catherine Blake will determine whether there is enough reliable scientific evidence linking cell phones to brain cancer to allow the first of many multimillion-dollar claims to he heard in U.S. courts. Judge Blake's decision will likely turn on a single unpublished epidemiological study by Sweden's Dr. Lennart Hardell. An oncologist at Orebro Medical Center, Hardell has reported that using an analog phone increases the risk of developing brain cancer. Dr Christopher Newman, a 42-year-old Baltimore neurologist blames Motorola and a number of other cell phone companies for his malignant brain tumor (see MWN, S/000). At a weeklong hearing in Baltimore, attorneys from Peter Angelos's law office presented Hardell and four other experts in support of Newman's complaint. Defense lawyers, in turn, presented their own witnesses to refute the plaintiff's arguments (see p.8 for a list of the experts on both sides). During that same week m late February, five new brain tumor suits were filed in a Washington, DC, court (see p.9). On March 1, shortly before the end of the hearing, Blake interrupted the closing argument of Russell Smouse, one of the Angelos attorneys, to ask: "Don't all of your experts really stand or fall on whether .. 1 am persuaded that (continued on p. 7) Introducing Brillouin Precursors: Microwave Radiation Runs Deep When a very fast pulse of radiation enters the human body, it generates a burst of energy that can travel much deeper than predicted by conventional models. This induced radiation pulse, known as a Brillouin precursor, is at the heart of the continuing conflict over the U.S. Air Force's (USAF) PAVE PAWS phased array radar on Cape Cod. Brillouin precursors can also be formed by ultrawideband radiation (see also p. 17) and, in the near future, by high-speed data signals. Dr. Richard Albanese, a researcher at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, is concerned that the radiation from the PAVE PAWS ~ entails widespread human exposure to Brillouin precursors. In a May 23, 2000, letter to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH), Albanese warned that this type of phased array radiation has never been tested. He has been (continued on p.10) page1 SPECIAL REPORT. Daubert Hearing on Mobile Phones and Brain Cancer (continued from p.1) Dr. Hardell's unpublished 2001 studies are scientifically valid and reliable?" Smouse replied that there was other evidence, but conceded the importance of the Hardell testimony. In the first of two papers submitted for publication last year, Hardell reports a statistically significant 26% increase in brain cancer among those who had used an analog cell phone for more than a year. The brain tumor risk rises to 35% and 77% among those who used such phones for five and ten years, respectively. In the second paper, which looks only at astrocytomas--the type of tumor Newman developed--the risk is 29% above controls, but is not statistically significant. When Hardell limits his analysis to the parts of the brain closest to the phone (the occipital and temporal areas), he sees a significant, ninefold increased risk. This estimate is based on only 12 cases and 5 controls. Hardell also reports a greater chance of developing a brain tumor, as well as an astrocytoma in particular, on the side of the head on which a phone was used (an ipsilateral tumor). Some of these results were first presented at a London conference last June (see MWN, J/A01) and build on an earlier, smaller study released in a series of papers over the last three years (see below and MWN, M/J99, J/A99 and M/JOO). Lawyers for the cell phone industry sought to show that Hardell's unpublished studies are flawed and unreliable, as well as inconsistent with other published cell phone epidemiological studies (see also p.4). In cross-examining Hardell, Janet Thorpe of Alston & Bird in Atlanta emphasized that both papers had been rejected by journals-an important, though not an absolute, indicator of their (continued on p.9) The Daubert Standard Judge Blake's five-day hearing is known as a "Daubert hearing" after the landmark 1993 Supreme Court decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which helps define what kind of scientific evidence is allowed in court. Under Daubert, the trial judge serves as the gatekeeper, who must ensure that all scientific testimony offered in court is "relevant" and "reliable." The Supreme Court ruled that the judge must determine at the outset whether the scientific evidence "rests on a reliable foundation" - though it need not have the "general acceptance" of the scientific community. 'Re court declined to set a "definitive checklist or test." It stated that peer review and publication are important criteria but added that publication is "not a sine qua non of admissibility." Hardell's Cell Phone Epidemiological Papers.. Published and Unpublished Study 1 L.Hardell, A. Nasman, A. Pahlson, A. Hallquist and K. Hansson Mild, "Use of Cellular Telephones and the Risk for Brain Tamors: A Case-Control Study," International Journal of Oncology, 15, pp.113-116, July 1999. Found no general increase in brain tumors among 209 cases and 425 controls, but did see a nonsignificant increase in ipsilateral tumors (on the side of the head where phone was used) in the temporal or occipital lobe: right side OR=2.45, CI:0.78-7.76; left side: OR=2.40, CI:0.52-10.9. Elevated risk seen only for NMT analog phones. (See MWN, M/J99.) L. Hardell, A. Nasman, A. Pahlson, A. Hallquist, "Case-Control Study on Radiology Work, Medical X-Ray Investigations and Use of Cellular Telephones as Risk Factors for Brain Tumors; Medscape General Medicine, online publication, May 4, 2000. Further analysis of the same data used in the 1999 paper. Risk of ipsilateral tumors in the temporal occipital or temporoparietal regions is OR=2.42, CI:0.97-6.05. When other risk factors, for instance exposure to ionizing radiation, are taken into account, the risk of ipsilateral tumors becomes statistically significant: OR=2.62, Cl: 1.02-6.7 1. (See MWN, M/J00.) L. Hardell, K. Hansson Mild, A. Pahlson, and A. Hallquist, "Ionizing Radiation, Cellular Telephones and the Risk for Brain Tumors, European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10, pp.523-529, December 2001. Restates the Medscape results and reviews the Muscat, Inskip and Johansen epidemiological studies. Study 2 L. Hardell, A.Hallquist, K. Hansson Mild, M. Carlberg, A. Pahlson, and A. Lilja, "Cellular and Cordless Telephones and the Risk for Brain Tumors; unpublished manuscript, originally submitted to the Lancet, will appear in the June 2002 issue of the European Journal of Cancer Prevention. In this much larger study, with 1,429 cases and 1,470 controls, the use of analog cell phones for longer than a year was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of brain tumors: OR=1.26, CI: 1.02-136. For longer latency periods, the risks were higher: >5 years OR= 1.35, Cl: 1.03-1.77., >10 years OR= 1.77, Cl: 1.09-2.86. For ipsilateral tumors in the temporal area of the brain, OR=2.50, CI: 1.28-4.88. There was no "clear" brain tumor association for users of digital or cordless phones. Among different tumor types, the risk was highest for acoustic neuromas among users of analog phones: OR= 3.27, CI: 1.67-6.43. L. Hardell, K. Hansson Mild, and M. Carlberg, "Use of CellularTelephones and the Risk for Astrocytomas, unpublished manuscripts submitted to International Journal of Radiation Biology. This paper addresses the 588 patients with malignant brain tumors (414 Astrocytomas) among the 1,429 cases in the second study. There was no overall increased risk for either analog or digital phones: OR=1.13, CI:0.82-1.56 and OR=1.11, CI:0.85-1.45, respectively. For Astrocytomas alone, the risks were approximately the same: OR= 1.29, Cl: 0.87-1.90 and OR=1.1 1, CI:0.81-1.53, for analog and digital phones respectively. But the risk was significantly higher for ipsilateral brain tumors among analog phone users: OR= 1.85. Cl: 1. 16-2.96 for all malignant brain tumors, and OR=1.95, Cl: 1.12-3.39 for Astrocytomas. For digital and cordless phones, the risk of ipsilateral Astrocytomas was OR=1.59, CI:0.98-2.58andOR=1.70,CI: 1.06-2.74, respectively. For Astrocytomas in the temporal or occipital areas, OR=9.00, CI: 1. 147 1.0, based on 12 cases and 5 controls. OR =odds ratio CI =confidence intervals MICROWAVE NEWS March/April 2002 page 7 SPECIAL REPORT. Daubert Hearing on Mobile Phones and Brain Cancer (continued from p.7) reliability under the legal standard set by the Supreme Court in the landmark Daubert case (see box on p.7). Thorpe showed the court a letter from the Lancet, which notified Hardell last August that it would not publish his paper on brain tumor risks, and a December letter from the International Journal of Radiation Biology informing him that two of three peer reviewers had recommended the rejection of Ins paper on Astrocytoma risks. The reviewers raised questions about the study design and the problem of recall bias. Hardell said that he had appealed both decisions. The editors of the Lancet wrote back on October 9 that they were holding &m on their rejection. A consulting statistician "felt that [Hardells overall message was written much too forcefully," according to the letter. The appeal to the second journal is still pending. [As we go to press, Hardell has confirmed to Microwave News that the European Journal of Cancer Prevention has accepted his brain tumor paper, originally submitted to the Lancet, and that it will appear in the journal's June issue. Smouse declined to comment as to whether Angelos's team had informed Judge Blake of this development.] The defense lawyers-a dozen strong-tried to introduce the text of the peer reviews submitted to the journals, but after a great deal of legal jousting, Judge Blake ruled that they were inadmissible. The experts for the defense argued that Hardell's epidemiological studies were badly designed, that Newman's tumor was symptomatic 18 months before the March 1998 diagnosis and that it was not located where Hardell said it was. Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard testified that Hardell had used an "incorrect approach" in his analysis of the laterality of the brain tumor risk- His technique gives "a completely distorted estimate of the relative risk," Stampfer told the court. One of the cornerstones of the defense is that Newman's use of a cell phone prior to his diagnosis in 1998 was approximately 340 hours, which is less dm the estimated peak use in the studies by Drs. Joshua Muscat and Peter Inskip, neither of which showed a brain tumor risk (see p.4). In fact, Dr. John Laterra of Johns Hopkins Hospital testified that symptoms of Newman's brain tumor were already apparent in September 1996, when he had logged only 166 hours of cell phone use. In his closing argument, defense attorney Tom Watson of Watson & Renner in Washington told Judge Blake that "the selective listing of results barely above the null...does not meet the Daubert standard. The plaintiffs "failed to show that there was an actual increase in brain tumors except by convoluted analysis," Watson told Microwave News. On behalf of the plaintiffs, Smouse closed by telling Blake that a trial is "the tradditional vehicle for testing the admissibility of evidence!' and asked her to allow the case to proceed. Courts are not under a deadline to reach a decision. "Sometimes they rule from the bench and sometimes they take months. She's given no indication," Garrett Johnson, a lawyer for Motorola at Kirkland & Ellis in Chicago, told Microwave News. -------------------------------------------------------- Some other highlights from the expert testimony: Dr. Henry Lai said that the comet assay developed by Dr. N.P Singh is preferred by eight out of nine researchers and is ten times more sensitive than Dr. Peggy Olive's assay. In contrast, Dr. Mark Israel testified that his lab uses the Olive method and that it is "at least as sensitive!' as the Singh method. Dr. Jerry Phillips disclosed did Dr. Mays Swicord of Motorola asked him to change the conclusion of one of his papers on gene expression and state that any effects of RFIMW exposure are of "no physiological importance." Dr. Elihu Richter said that the National Cancer Institute study of brain tumors among cell phone users was done much too soon. That is like "looking for a gray hair in third graders," he claimed. *On the ability of RF/MW radiation from a cell phone to cause biological effects, Dr. Christopher Davis said: "Underlying [all the bioeffects] is chemical change and underlying that chemical change is bond breakage which just is implausible at the incredibly tiny energies coming from a cell phone." Five New Brain Tumor Suits A team led by Mayer Morganroth of Detroit has brought five more brain tumor lawsuits against the wireless industry. The defendants are the leading cell phone manufacturers and service providers, as well as ANSI, the CTIA and the IEEE. The five complaints were all filed on February 25, in a Washington, DC, court Each seeks over $1 billion in damages. Morganroth is also representing Michael Murray, a 34year-old Motorola technician with a brain minor (see MWN, N/D01). Munay's $1.S billion suit, originally filed in the same court last November, is now in federal court, where Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson will decide whether to return it to the DC court. Jackson presided over the Microsoft antitrust case. Morganroth, best known for his defense work in criminal cases, has said that he will file many more similar lawsuits. He is working with Sheldon Miller of Detroit and Joanne Suder of Baltimore, who initiated the Newman case in the fall of 2000 (see MWW, S/000 and p. 1). The five plaintiffs are: - Baldassare Agro, 42, of Howell, NJ, who began using a mobile phone in 1992 and had a malignant glioblastoma removed in January 2000. He used phones made by Motorola, Nokia and Qualcomm. - Pamela Cochran, 35, of Mt. Aity, MD, who began using a mobile phone in 1997 and had a malignant astrocytoma removed in February 2000. She used phones made by Audiovox, Motorola and Nokia. - David Keller,42,of Scottsdale, AZ, who began using a mobile phone in 1995 and had an acoustic neuroma-a benign tumor- removed in March 1999. He used units from Nokia, Sanyo and Sony. - Dino Schofield, 45, of Valley Glen, CA, who began using a mobile phone in 1988 and had a malignant oligodendroglioma removed in January 1999. He used phones made by Motorola, Nokia and Panasonic. - Richard Schwamb, 36, of Oakdale, NY, began using a mobile phone in 1995 and has had an acoustic neuroma removed. He used a Qualcomm phone. 9 SPECIAL REPORT. Daubert Hearing on Mobile Phones and Brain Cancer For the Plaintiff Teaching witness. Dr. Neil Cherry Environmental Management and Research Division, Lincoln University Canterbury, New Zealand "Based on our results and other epidemiology and cellular and animal experimental studies, my opinion is that there is an increased risk for brain tumors in certain parts of the brain, that is, the part with the highest exposure .... My opinion is that [Newman'sl brain tumor was caused by his use of an analog cell phone." Dr. Lennart Hardell, Department of Oncology, Orebro Medical Center, Orebro, Sweden "My opinion is that radiofrequency radiation similar to [that] emitted from cell phones can cause DNA genetic damage or related processes in animals. Dr. Henry Lai, Department of Bioengineering, University Of Washington, Seattle "Based on my reading of the bioelectromagnetics literature and my reading of the larger body of science, RFR exposure can produce biological effects that may lead to cancer development." Dr. Jerry Phillips, Biological Sciences, Curriculum Study, Colorado Springs, CO My opinion is that exposure to radiofrequency [radiation] from cellular telephones can cause cancer. Brain cancer .. [in] human beings. Dr. Elihu Richter, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Hebrew University School of Publicc Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel Expert Witnesses on Parade: No Secrets Allowed, But Big Payday The experts were the stars of the Baltimore hearing. The entire multi-million- dollar Newman case will be decided on the credibility and reliability of their testimony. Angelos's five expert witnesses tried to convince Judge Blake that there is enough evidence linking cell phones to brain tumors to allow the case to go to trial. Conversely, the industry lawyers used their own experts to try to disqualify each member of the Angelos team and get the case thrown out of court. Serving as an expert can be rewarding, but it's not easy. Those who agree to testify are open to the discovery process and maybe required to hand over all soils of documents, everything from letters to personal notes. For instance, Hardell had to supply the raw data from his most recent, as-yet-unpublished epidemiological study-and then sit quietly as a lawyer picked at every data point. The defence lawyers hit pay dirt when they obtained the rejection letters Hardell had received from the Lancet for this study, thereby undermining the cornerstone of Angelos's case (see p.9). The letters were projected onto a large screen for the whole court to see. Using Cherry's own e-mails, Jane Thorpe of Alston & Bird, one of the defense firms, showed how Cherry had recruited Richter to serve in what Cherry described as "a worthy cause of global importance." By focusing on the dates of the various documents Thorpe detailed how Richter had prepared his report in only a couple of days. Richter was forced to concede that he had not done a complete review of the cell phone literature. Other revelations bordered on the trivial. On cross-examination, Calle was asked why she had highlighted certain passages, but not others, while reviewing one of the brain tumor epidemiological studies. She promptly conceded that there is no deep logic in what she underlines. Calle said that she now wishes she "had never highlighted anything." How much an expert is paid is also fair game for disclosure. Stampfer said that he commands $450 an hour and that by January he had submitted bills totalling $80,000 to Alston & Bird. Stampfer assured the court that he would soon be submitting another bill, a comment that prompted a roar of laughter from the dozens of lawyers in the courtroom. (The lawyers themselves never revealed how much they are making.) Stampfer also disclosed, sotto voce, that he had consulted with defense attorneys on an asbestos case, as well as on a variety of other cases. Just like movie stars, the experts are protected from the paparazzi and other annoyances by their lawyer-handlers. A reporter who asked Laterra for his phone number was quickly brushed aside by King Chip Hill of Venable, another defense firm who said, "You can call me," as he hurried Laterra out of the room. Curt Renner of Watson & Renner, yet another defense firm, shielded Calle from a camera as he escorted her out of the courthouse. Renner later scolded the photographer for even attempting to take a picture of the epidemiologist from the American Cancer Society. For the Defense My conclusion based on the epidemiological studies ... and ... the input of the larger scientific community is ... that there's no association [between cell phone] use and brain cancer." Dr. Eugenia Calle, Director of Analytical Epidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta "Theres no plausible scientific connection between low-level exposure to RF power from a cell phone and subsequent biological effects. Dr. Christopher Davis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park There is no credible basis in the scientific literature suggesting that RFR can cause brain tumors in animals. Dr. Mark Israel, Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH [Newmans] cell phone use had nothing to do with {his} tumorTheres clearly no scientific evidence that would implicate cell phone use to brain tumors. Dr. John Laterra, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore Did not testify. Dr Martin Meltz, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio There is no credible basis to support a causation claim between wireless phone use and brain cancers. 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