Health Effects

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Microwaving Our Planet: The Environmental Impact of the Wireless Revolution

Pub Med is a great source of medical literature.  If you read a report with references at the back, then you can usually find the articles on Pub Med, otherwise cut and paste into Google search.

With the emerging technology and vast proliferation the UK government were concerned about the impact on health and commissioned scientists and health professionals to review the situation and they produced what is now termed the Stewart Report.

UK Government agency NRPB, National Radiological Protection Board, acknowledges!!! Electrical fields can make you sick

From Cell phone use

See also Electrosensitivity  - SAR Values and Safety Standards.

Dr Carlo was employed by a telecommunications company to study the effects on health, his letter is here

 

Some laboratories in England are now using wax dummy heads and probes,

to measure radiation penetration.

 

 

 

 

The latest study - Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality? by Fejes I, Za Vaczki Z, Szollosi J, Kolosza R S, Daru J, Kova Cs L, Pa L A. Andrology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Szeged, Hungry.

This study of 371 was conducted to determine a possible relationship between regular cell phone use and different human semen attributes. The history-taking of men in our university clinic was supplemented with questions concerning cell phone use habits, including possession, daily standby position and daily transmission times. Semen analyses were performed by conventional methods. The duration of possession and the daily transmission time correlated negatively with the proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm (r = - 0.12 and r = - 0.19, respectively), and positively with the proportion of slow progressive motile sperm (r = 0.12 and r = 0.28, respectively). The low and high transmitter groups also differed in the proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm (48.7% vs. 40.6%). The prolonged use of cell phones may have negative effects on the sperm motility characteristics.
 

 

Dr Gandhi et al used MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, biophisysical modeling and numerical calculations, and concluded that radiation penetrates the brain of a child further than that of an adult.  More

 

Headaches from Cellular Telephones: Are They Real and What Are the Implications?   Allan H. Frey  Has shown that radiation can penetrate the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from harm, thus reducing the protection so that more poisons/viruses/free radicals etc could go to the brain and Collot, Bems and Popp discuss a pharmacological quality of the radiation.  More here...

 

Brain Tumors and Salivary Gland Cancers Among Cellular Telephones Uses by A Auvinen et al

Weinberger Z, Richter ED, "Cellular telephones and effects on the brain: The head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver", Med Hypotheses 2002; 59: 703-705

 

Dr Cherry discusses the impact of resonance and harmonics on the brain and the regulatory system particularly on hormones such as melatonin which regulates sleep.  More

Dr’s Lai and Sing and Dr M Chalier …et al, DR J Phillips et al have shown that radiation can break DNA which can cause cancer. 

 

The UK's National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) confirms significant absorption of microwave energy in the eyes and their sockets, brain, nose, tongue and surrounding muscles. A senior adviser to the NRPB has been reported in the British press as saying: "It is not unreasonable to suggest that this might cause some damage." The worry is that these overt symptoms may be the precursors to more serious problems and not all users are getting these early warning signals.

Is the problem more serious ? Research funded by the New York Heart Research Foundation as early as 1992, showed that microwave radiation from a relatively low powered analogue mobile phone, caused chemical changes in the brain similar to those present in cancerous and precancerous situations, which were still measurable more than 7 days after just one 3 minute phone call.
 

The brain uses electrical and chemical signals to function properly, are you prepared to hold a mini-microwave to them?

 

Dr S.S. Gorgun and others including Dr Adey discuss the changes of some cell functions including cell replication, and the leaching of calcium ions which regulate the discussions/neuro-transmissions from cell to cell.

Dr Hardell studied Cellular and Cordless Telephones and the Risk for Brain Tumors. also Case-control study of the association between the use of cellular and cordless telephones and malignant brain tumors diagnosed during 2000-2003.  Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH.
 

Risk of using cellphones

 

more on Brain tumors

see SAR Values

Biological Safety of EMR, Electro-Magnetic Radiation - There are many publications giving the maximum limits for EMR, these vary widely from one country to another without apparent reason or numerical argument.

Money spent on expensive legal procedures to solve technical problems would be better spent on biological research to provide some reason and numerical values to create standard international safety limits.

Research, for example, on the oxygen carrying function of haemoglobin (protein) in our blood cells.   This protein relies on a change of spin level of an electron on the outer shell of it's iron atom to carry oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide (CO2) between muscle tissue and the lungs.

When the haemoglobin picks up O2 from the lungs the iron atom adopts the low spin state, when the O2

is released in the muscle the ion changes to high spin state and collects CO2  waste, then takes it back to the lungs to be exhaled.  This spin shift represents a very small energy change, can we be sure that the present limits for manmade electromagnetic radiation never adversely interferes with such a fragile and essential process?

 

There must be a safe level or we would not be here on this earth.  The EMR from the sun is an essential requirement for life.  More information is in Chemistry of the Elements by A. Earnshaw, Norman Greenwood

 

Neurosurgeon warns against cellphone use

 

From Cellsite proximity

Six studies showing health effects from cellsites.

Dr Walker's observations.

Corona Ions

There is a large body of evidence showing Electromagnetic Radiation is harmful to health.

DR Bruce Hocking qualified as a GP and was invited to a genuine and prestigious Faculty due to his peer reviewed and published work in the field of electromagnetic radiation. He had been a leading researcher in cancer, because of which he was employed by Telstra Australia to study the possible effects on health from cellsites in the 1990's.

As cellsites were a new technology and few and far between and also due to the fact that many cancers have a latency period of at least 20 years, and due to the fact that it is easier to get information like hospital admissions and databases on cancer, and an epidemiological study of a million or more people in the population base is needed to form a robust study, a similar technology was used being the TV and Radio broadcasting transmitters on top of a Sydney hill surrounded by a large population base with a demographic covering all socio-economic levels, (there were very rich properties with great harbor views and very poor housing).

To his surprise he found a statistically significant increase in the number of cases of Leukaemia in the exposed population to that in the non-exposed control group. This study "Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers" was peer reviewed and published in the Medical Journal of Australian 1996 166:601, before his employers could stop it, he was then supposed to study the mortality rate but the contract was cancelled and the money spent on pulling apart the study and the usual discrediting reasons given, methodology, findings, numbers and even the journal is discredited by many "as not worth the paper it's printed on." Dr Hocking did go on to examine the mortality rate and found it was twice as high in the exposed group, than the non-exposed.


Historical Evidence of Childhood Leukemia Peak with The Advent of Electricity by Sam Milham (PhD) and E.M. Ossiander (PhD)

A peak in childhood leukemia, ages two through four, emerged de novo in the 1920s in the United Kingdom and slightly later in the United States (US). Electrification in US farm and rural areas lagged behind urban areas until 1956. In recent years, childhood leukemia has been associated with residential electromagnetic fields. During 1928-1932, in states with above 75% of residences served by electricity, leukemia mortality increased with age for single years 0-4, while states with electrification levels below 75% showed a decreasing trend with age (P = 0.009). During 1949-1951, all states showed a peak in leukemia mortality at ages 2-4. At ages 0-1, leukemia mortality was not related to electrification levels. At ages 2-4, there was a 24% (95% confidence interval (CI), 8%-41%) increase in leukemia mortality for a 10% increase in percent of homes served by electricity. The childhood leukemia peak of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia may be attributable to electrification.

Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd

Clusters of illness

The neighborhood association of Villaverde del Río  (a small village of Sevilla, Spain) claimed the situation of social alarm that the whole village is suffering for the 23 cancer cases that had been reported on the neighbors that live near a cellular antenna.  The president of the association explained to ABC that "the neighbors are highly worried because in the last days/months a lot of breast cancer and headaches in children had been reported and that can be caused by the antenna, ABC report here....

IGEF have Numerous studies proving that the electromagnetic fields of mobile communications, reduces the activity of the brain (including EEG), disrupts the sleep, changes the time of reaction, increases the possibility of brain haemorrhage, provokes lack of concentration , headaches, fatigue, nausea, loss of memory, reduction of sperm and melatonin, change of DNA, increases blood pressure, cellular perforation, risks of cancer, mainly brain tumour, and influences the good functioning of pace-makers.

One of Nokia's 1995 patents suggested the mobile phone can alter the "myelin" (which acts as an insulating material to protect our neurons).

Toxicogenomics and toxic tort personal injury litigation.  Gene expression changes that fingerprint exposure to particular classes of toxic substances.
 

Scientific research concerning human well-being and health in the vicinity of phone masts.  Compiled by: http;/www.stopumts.nl

This is an overview of all epidemiologic and provocative research concerning human well-being and
health in the vicinity of masts for GSM and UMTS (3G) mobile communication. The object of the
research are living humans. This overview does not contain in vitro or in vivo (animals) laboratory
research, because they do not give a consistent picture of what happens to people who are exposed
permanently to pulsed radiofrequency radiation.

 

All the epidemiologic and provocative research with living humans find negative effects, from
unacceptable sleep disturbances to serious illness and disablement. Therefore, the conclusion can
only be: it is irresponsible to place phone masts in the vicinity of places where people live and work.
Note that wireless communication systems like DECT, WLAN, WIFI and TETRA principally
generate the same kind of pulsed radiofrequency radiation as GSM and UMTS (3G), so the approval
of these systems for use in the vicinity of people is irresponsible as well. The second conclusion is, the
current exposure limits are much too high.

 

The values of the research are from 100 microWatt/m2 to a few thousand microWatt/m2 (0,2 V/m to 1 V/m). The limits advised by bodies like ICNIRP, NRPB and the Dutch Health Council are about 10.000.000 microWatt/m2. They protect only from the effects of overheating, not from the impact on well-being and health.

1.    Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E (2004), Subjective symptoms reported by people living in the vicinity of cellular phone base stations, Med Pr. 2004; 55 (4):345-51
 

People living in the vicinity of base stations report various complaints mostly of the circulatory
system, but also of sleep disturbances, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration
difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache and vertigo. The performed studies showed the
relationship between the incidence of individual symptoms, the level of exposure, and the distance
between a residential area and a base station. This association was observed in both groups of persons,
those who linked their complaints with the presence of the base station and those who did not notice
such a relation.

 

2.     Wolf R M.D., Wolf D M.D. (2004), Increased incidence of cancer near a cellphone transmitter station, International Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 1, nr. 2, April 2004.

 

The study indicates an association between increased incidence of cancer and living in proximity to a
cell-phone transmitter station. 


3.     Eger H, Hagen K U, Lucas B, Vogel P, Voit H (2004), Einfluss der räumlichen Nähe von Mobilfunksendeanlagen auf die Krebsinzidenz,Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft, 17. Jahrgang, Ausgabe 4/2004, S. 273-356

 

In the years 1999 until 2004, after five and more years of use of the phone mast, the risk of malignant
blastoma for the people in the vicinity of the phone mast was three time the risk for the people living
far away. 


4.     Navarro E A, Segura J, Portoles M, Comez-Perretta C (2003), The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 2003

 

The present results demonstrate a significant correlation between several symptoms of what is called
microwave sickness and the microwave power density associated with the Base Station located on a
hill at the edge of the town. Symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, irritability, loss of
appetite, sleepiness, difficulties in concentration or memory, depression, and emotional instability.
Scientific research concerning human well-being and health in the vicinity of phone masts. -

5.     Santini R, Seigne M, Bonhomme-Faivre L (2002), Investigations on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations: Incidence according to distance and sex, Pathol Biol (Paris), 2002 Jul; 50(6):369-73

Comparisons of complaints frequencies in relation with distance from base station and sex, show
significant (p<0.05) increase as compared to people living > 300 m or not exposed to base station, till
300 m for tiredness, 200 m for headache, sleep disturbance, discomfort, etc. 100 m for irritability,
depression, loss of memory, dizziness, libido decrease, etc. Women significantly more often than men
(p<0.05) complained of headache, nausea, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort
and visual perturbations.


6.    Hutter H P, Moshanner H, Kundi M (2002), Mobile phone base stations: effects on health and well-being, Kostarakis P. Rhodes: Workshop, p. 344-352.


Problems of heart and blood circulation relate to measured densities, significant for people with and
without fear for phone masts.


7.     Germann, P (2004), Einfluss der Mobilfunkbelastung auf die Retikulocytenreifung,
vorläufige Bewertung anhand von 1000 Analysen. Juli 2004.


Blood was drawn from 1018 people before a GSM mobile phone base station was installed and once
again 6 to 12 months after it was turned on. Significant changes in the blood were observed.


8.     Oberfeld G, Navarro A E, Portoles M, Maestu C, Gomez Perretta C (2004), The microwave syndrome - further aspects of a Spanish study, presented at an International Conference in Kos (Greece), 2004


This study found significant ill-health effects in those living in the vicinity of two GSM mobile phone
base stations. The strongest five associations found are depressive tendency, fatigue, sleeping disorder,
difficulty in concentration and cardiovascular problems. Based on the data of this study the advice
would be to strive for levels not higher than 0.02 V/m for the sum total, which is equal to a power
density of 0.0001 μW/cm2 or 1 μW/m2, which is the indoor exposure value for GSM base stations
proposed on empirical evidence by the Public Health Office of the Government of Salzburg in 2002.


9.     Zwamborn A P M, Vossen S H J A, Van Leersum B J A M, Ouwens M A, Makel W N.
(2003), Effects of Global Communication System radiofrequency fields on Well-Being
and Cognitive Functions of human subjects with and without subjective complaints.


Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) FEL-03-C148 (2003).
In two groups (hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive subjects) exposure to UMTS had a negative
influence on well-being in both groups. Cognitive function was consistently affected in both groups
exposed to GSM and UMTS.


10.    Oberfeld G, Schimke H, Bernatzky G (2005), Strahlung von Mobilfunksende-Anlagen beeinflusst Gehrinströme. to be published.


The radiation of a cell phone base station at a distance of 80 metres causes significant changes of the
electrical currents in the brains of testees (measured by electroencefalogram, EEG). All the testees said
they felt unwell during the radiation, some of them seriously.
 

Other research compiled by IDEA, Irish Doctors Environmental Association

 

Johansson O, "Elöverkänslighet samt överkänslighet mot mobiltelefoner: Resultat från en dubbel-blind provokationsstudie av metodstudiekaraktär"
(=Electrohypersensitivity and sensitivity to mobile telephones: Results from a double-blind provocation study of pilot character", in Swedish), Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 2, 1995, ISSN 1400-6111

Cancer studies

Szmigielski S, "Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation", Sci Total Environ 1996; 180: 9-17

Adey WR, Byus CV, Cain CD, Higgins RJ, Jones RA, Kean CJ, Kuster N, MacMurray A, Stagg RB, Zimmerman G, Phillips JL, Haggren W, "Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to 836 MHz modulated microwaves", Radiat Res 1999; 152: 293-302

Adey WR, Byus CV, Cain CD, Higgins RJ, Jones RA, Kean CJ, Kuster N, MacMurray A, Stagg RB, Zimmerman G, "Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields", Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1857-1863

Hardell L, Nasman A, Pahlson A, Hallquist A, "Case-control study on radiology work, medical x-ray investigations, and use of cellular telephones as risk factors for brain tumors", MedGenMed 2000; E2

Hardell L, Mild K H, Pahlson A, Hallquist A, "Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours", Eur J Cancer Prev 2001; 10: 523-529

Hardell L, Hallquist A, Mild KH, Carlberg M, Pahlson A, Lilja A, "Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumours", Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11: 377-386

Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M, "Case-control study on the use of cellular and cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumours", Int J Radiat Biol 2002; 78: 931-936

Microwaves as stressors/non-thermal effects

Daniells C, Duce I, Thomas D, Sewell P, Tattersall J, de Pomerai D, "Transgenic nematodes as biomonitors of microwave-induced stress", Mutat Res 1998; 399: 55-64

de Pomerai D, Daniells C, David H, Allan J, Duce I, Mutwakil M, Thomas D, Sewell P, Tattersall J, Jones D, Candido P, "Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves", Nature 2000; 405: 417-418

DNA-damage/DNA-effects

Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J, "Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis", Mutat Res 1994; 320: 141-147 [Obs! Verkan sedd vid gällande 3G-rekommendation = 10W/m2]

Lai H, Singh NP, "Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation", Int J Radiat Biol 1996; 69: 513-521

Lai H, Singh NP, "Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells", Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 446-454

Phillips JL, Ivaschuk O, Ishida-Jones T, Jones RA, Campbell-Beachler M, Haggren W, "DNA damage in Molt-4 T-lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro", Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1998; 45: 103-110

Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Sardi I, Aterini S, Gulisano F, Gulisano M, "Exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) cellular phone radiofrequency alters gene expression, proliferation, and morphology of human skin fibroblasts", Oncol Res 2002; 13: 19-24

Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, "Micronucleus induction after whole-body microwave irradiation of rats", Mutat Res 2002; 521: 73-79

The REFLEX study

Long-term exposure

Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J, Harris AW, "Lymphomas in Eµ-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields", Radiat Res 1997; 147: 631-640

Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA, "Effect of exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on intrachromosomal recombination in pKZ1 mice", Radiat Res 2001; 156: 495-502

Santini R, Seigne M, Bonhomme-Faivre L, Bouffet S, Defrasne E, Sage M, "Symptoms experienced by users of digital cellular phones: A study of a French engineering school", Electromagn Biol Med 2002; 21: 81-88

Mast cell effects/importance for hypersensitivity/allergy/irradiation damage/cancer

Johansson O, Liu P-Y, "Electrosensitivity", "electrosupersensitivity" and "screen dermatitis": preliminary observations from on-going studies in the human skin", In: Proceedings of the COST 244: Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Fields - Workshop on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (ed. D Simunic), EU/EC (DG XIII), Brussels/Graz, 1995, pp 52-57

Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, French PW, "Effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz on growth, morphology and secretory characteristics of a mast cell analogue, RBL-2H3", Cell Biol Int 1997; 21: 427-439

Harvey C, French PW, "Effects on protein kinase C and gene expression in a human mast cell line, HMC-1, following microwave exposure", Cell Biol Int 1999; 23: 739-748

Gangi S, Johansson O, "A theoretical model based upon mast cells and histamine to explain the recently proclaimed sensitivity to electric and/or magnetic fields in humans", Med Hypotheses 2000; 54: 663-671

Johansson O, Gangi S, Liang Y, Yoshimura K, Jing C, Liu P-Y, "Cutaneous mast cells are altered in normal healthy volunteers sitting in front of ordinary TVs/PCs - results from open-field provocation experiments", J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28: 513-519

Kimata H, "Enhancement of allergic skin wheal responses by microwave radiation from mobile phones in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome", Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 129: 348-350

Johansson O, "Screen dermatitis and electrosensitivity: Preliminary observations in the human skin", In: Electromagnetic Environments and Health in Buildings (ed. D Clements-Croome), Spon Press, London & New York, 2004, pp 377-389

Johansson O, "Elöverkänslighet - en form av strålskada" ="Electrohypersensitivity - a kind of irradiation damage", in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2004; (3): 12-13

Johansson O, "Electrohypersensitivity: Observations in the human skin of a physical impairment", Symposium on "Electrical Sensitivity in Human Beings", Royal Society of Medicine, London, U.K., September 11, 2004 and WHO Workshop on "Electrical Hypersensitivity", Prague, Czech Republic, October 25-27, 2004 (extend. abstr.)

Johansson O, "Elektro-Hypersensitivität: Beobachtungen von physikalischen Schäden an der menschlichen Haut", "2nd National Congress for Afflicted Persons by Electrosmog", Olten, Switzerland, November 13, 2004 (extend. abstr.)

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, "Histological characteristics of cutaneous and thyroid mast cell populations in male rats exposed to power-frequency electromagnetic fields", Int J Radiat Biol 2004, re-submitted

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, "The effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on skin and thyroid amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats. An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study", Environ Health 2005, re-submitted

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, "An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study of the power-frequency electromagnetic field influence on skin and thyriod amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats", BioEM 2005, Dublin, Ireland, June 19-24, 2005 (abstr.)

Memory/behaviour/EEG

Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW, "Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat", Bioelectromagnetics 1994; 15: 95-104

Krause CM, Sillanmäki L, Koivisto M, Häggqvist A, Saarela C, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hämäläinen H, "Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the EEG during a memory task", NeuroReport 2000; 11: 761-764

Croft R, Chandler J, Burgess A, Barry R, Williams J, Clarke A, "Acute mobile phone operation affects neural function in humans", Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 1623

Huber R, Treyer V, Borbely AA, Schuderer J, Gottselig JM, Landolt HP, Werth E, Berthold T, Kuster N, Buck A, Achermann P, "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG", J Sleep Res 2002; 11: 289-295

Sleep/wakefulness

Borbély AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P, "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram", Neurosci. Lett. 1999; 275: 207-210

Hamblin DL, Wood AW, "Effects of mobile phone emissions on human brain activity and sleep variables", Int J Radiat Biol 2002; 78: 659-669

Huber R, Treyer V, Borbely AA, Schuderer J, Gottselig JM, Landolt HP, Werth E, Berthold T, Kuster N, Buck A, Achermann P, "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG", J Sleep Res 2002; 11: 289-295

Eye cancer

Stang A, Anastassiou G, Ahrens W, Bromen K, Bornfeld N, Jöckel K-H, "The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma", Epidemiology 2001; 12: 7-12

Blood-brain barrier/nerve cell damage

Albert EN, Grau L, Kerns J, "Morphologic alterations in hamster blood-brain barrier after microwave irradiation", J Microw Power 1977; 12: 43-44

Albert EN, "Light and electron microscopic observation on the blood-brain barrier after microwave irradiation", In: Symp Biol Eff Measure Radiofr/Microwaves, FDA 77-8026 (ed. DG Hazzard), HEW Publications, Washington, DC, 1977, pp 294-304

Persson BR, Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, "Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by magnetic and electromagnetic fields", Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992; 649: 356-358

Salford LG, Brun A, Sturesson K, Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, "Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz", Microsc Res Tech 1994; 27: 535-542

Persson B, Salford LG, Brun A, "Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication", Wireless Network 1997; 3: 455-461

Leszczynski D, Joenvaara S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R, "Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: Molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects", Differentiation 2002; 70: 120-129

Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, "Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones", Environmental Health Perspectives, doi:10.1289/ehp.6039 (available at http://dx.doi.org/), 29 January 2003

Influence on bacteria

Shcheglov V, Alipov E, Belyaev I, "Cell-to-cell communication in response of E. coli cells at different phases of growth to low-intensity microwaves", Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1572: 101

Base stations/cellular phones/health effects

Santini R, "Cellular telephones and their relay stations: a health risk?" (in French), Presse Med 1999; 28: 1884-1886

Santini R, Seigne M, Bonhomme-Faivre L, "Danger of cellular telephones and their relay stations" (in French), Pathol Biol (Paris) 2000; 48: 525-528

Santini R, Santini P, Seigne M, Danze JM, "Symptoms notified by people living near cell phone relay stations" (in French), Presse Med 2001; 30: 1594

Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M, "Investigation on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations: I/Incidence according to distance and sex" (in French), Pathol Biol (Paris) 2002; 50: 369-373

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Does GSM 1800 MHz affect the public health in Sweden?", In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop "Biological Effects of EMFs", Kos, Greece, October 4-8, 2004

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "1997 - A curious year in Sweden", Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 535-538

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Long-term sickness and mobile phone use", J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med, 2004; 23: 11-12

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Mobile handset output power and health", Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 2004; 23: 229-239

Radio-/TV-masts/cancer/health effects

Goldsmith JR, "TV broadcast towers and cancer: The end of innocence for radiofrequency exposures", Am J Ind Med 1997; 32: 689-692

Magras IN, Xenos TD, " RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice", Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 455-461

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Melanoma incidence and frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting", Arch Environ Health 2002; 57: 32-40

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Har tusentals personer offrats i onödan sedan 1955?" (="Have thousands of persons unnecessarily been sacrificed since 1955?"; in Swedish), Nord Tidsskr Biol Med 2002; 2: 26-27

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Cancerdödlighet och långtidssjukskrivning" (="Cancer mortality and long-term sick leave"; in Swedish), Tidskriften Medikament 2002; 7: 40-41

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Cancer trends during the 20th century", J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2002; 21: 3-8

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "Malignant melanoma of the skin - not a sunshine story!", Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: CR336-340

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, "FM broadcasting exposure time and malignant melanoma incidence", Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2004, accepted for publication

General

Södergren L, Johansson O, "Commentary: Mobile telephones - will the golden goose become the mad cow?", J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2001; 20: 29-30

Bistolfi F, "Are microvilli and cilia sensors of electromagnetic fields?", Physica Medica 2002; 18: 85-94

Further references